International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

Reliable water supply in residential, institutional and agricultural settings depends on the continuous monitoring of storage tanks and on the correct operation of the pumps that fill them. Manual tank inspection and manually operated pumps remain common, and they lead to tank overflow, dry running of pumps, delayed fault detection and avoidable energy and water losses. This paper presents the design and implementation of a low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) based water level monitoring and control system built around an ESP32 microcontroller. Two float switches installed at the minimum and maximum levels of the tank provide the level information, a BC547-driven 12 V, 30 A electromechanical relay switches a 60 W DC submersible pump, and a two-stage buck converter conditions the 24 V solar-charged battery supply into the 12 V and 5 V rails required by the relay and the controller. Level and pump status are transmitted over the built-in Wi-Fi interface of the ESP32 to the Blynk Cloud, where they can be monitored remotely. The prototype was evaluated through repeated fill-and-empty test sequences. Level detection was correct in all trials, the mean pump switching delay was 0.79 s for switch-on and 0.76 s for switch-off, cloud communication reliability was 98%, and the overall operational reliability of the system was approximately 98.9%. The results indicate that a float-switch based ESP32 design offers a simple, robust and inexpensive alternative to ultrasonic and conductive sensing for automatic tank management.

Maimunat Muhammad Imam, Mingi Mathew Haruna, Ahmad Shuaibu, Ahmad Abubakar, Stephen Hussaini, Abraham Terry Akumeh, Ibrahim Shuaibu, "IoT-Based Water Level Monitoring and Control System: An Implementation Study" International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, V9(5): Page(264-272) September - October 2026. ISSN: 2581-7175. www.ijsred.com. Published by Scientific and Academic Research Publishing.