International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

Earthquake engineering is a multidisciplinary field focused on understanding ground motion, structural response, and developing systems that minimize life and economic losses during seismic events. The rapid growth of urban infrastructure, particularly in seismic-prone regions, has increased the need for resilient structures and reliable hazard assessment techniques. This paper provides a comprehensive review of earthquake mechanisms, seismic hazard analysis, soil behaviour, structural response, seismic design philosophies, and modern retrofitting technologies. The study also highlights recent advancements such as performance-based seismic design (PBSD), base isolation, energy dissipation devices, and machine learning applications in damage prediction. Gaps in current research and recommendations for future investigation are also discussed.