International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

The rapid electrification of transportation and the growing penetration of renewable energy sources have created an urgent need for integrated microgrid architectures capable of simultaneously satisfying economic, environmental, reliability, and resilience objectives. This paper presents a comprehensive multi-objective optimization framework for a hybrid microgrid comprising photovoltaic (PV) generation, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, an electrolyzer–hydrogen storage subsystem, a battery energy storage system (BESS), and an electric vehicle (EV) charging station. Four competing objectives are formulated: (i) minimization of total annualized system cost, (ii) minimization of greenhouse gas emissions, (iii) maximization of system reliability as measured by the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), and (iv) maximization of resilience against grid outages and extreme weather events. A Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), enhanced with chaotic initialization and adaptive crossover operators, is employed to generate a Pareto-optimal front of candidate solutions. A fuzzy decision-making approach is subsequently applied to select the best compromise solution from the Pareto set. Simulation results on a representative microgrid over a one-year horizon demonstrate that the proposed framework reduces total system cost by up to 18.6%, cuts carbon emissions by 34.2%, improves reliability (LPSP reduced to below 1%), and increases resilience metrics by over 40% compared to single-objective and heuristic baseline designs. Sensitivity analyses further reveal the influence of hydrogen storage capacity, EV charging flexibility, and fuel cell sizing on the trade-offs among the four objectives. The results confirm that hydrogen-based storage, in synergy with battery storage and flexible EV charging, offers a technically and economically viable pathway toward resilient, low-carbon microgrids.

Md Samiul Islam, Md Ahsan Habib, Md Sabiruzzaman, Md Sadik Hassan Arik, "Multi-Objective Optimization of PV–Fuel Cell–Hydrogen Storage–EV Charging Microgrids for Cost Reduction, Emission Mitigation, Reliability, and Resilience Improvement " International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, V8(6): Page(3249-3267) Nov-Dec 2025. ISSN: 2581-7175. www.ijsred.com. Published by Scientific and Academic Research Publishing.