International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) involve progressive neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction and pathological protein aggregation, which together form the basis of their diagnosis. Recent diagnostic and therapeutics approach remain limited due to invasiveness, cost and lack of disease modifying efficacy. Exosomes are micro-extracellular vesicles that are excreted by neurons, glia and peripheral cells. They have emerged as vital mediator of intracellular communication and promising tools for biomarker research and therapeutic delivery. Exosomes have capability of crossing blood brain barriers and encapsulate proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, which represents physiological state of parent cells making them one of the least invasive ways to detect and monitor neurodegeneration. Various researches done in recent years emphasise neuron derived exosomal cargo, such as, Aβ₄₂, phosphorylated tau, α-synuclein, and dysregulated miRNAs, as promising diagnostic biomarkers associated with cognitive impairment and dopaminergic loss.Advancement in exosome engineering has enabled precise delivery of APIs such as siRNAs, neurotropic factors and anti-inflammatory molecules in human body. Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell–derived and plant-based nanovesicles has shown strong neuroprotective effects, reducing neuroinflammation and improving cognitive and motor functions in preclinical trials, with early human trials confirming safety and tolerance. Despite these optimistic results, significant translational challenges still remain, including the need for standardized isolation methods, scalable biomanufacturing processes, and clear regulatory frameworks for clinical-grade exosome products. Integrating advancements in synthetic biology, microfluidic isolation, and AI-driven multi-omics analysis together is expected to accelerate the path toward clinical translation.

Ayman Khan, Abhinav Dixit, Sampada Mishra, Dr. Ashish Ranjan Singh, "Role of Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Recent Advances in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease (2022–2025)" International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, V8(6): Page(2470-2480) Nov-Dec 2025. ISSN: 2581-7175. www.ijsred.com. Published by Scientific and Academic Research Publishing.