International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

Curtain wall systems, serving as non-load-bearing façades, have become a defining feature of contemporary high-rise structures due to their architectural flexibility and energy efficiency. However, their structural performance under combined wind, seismic, and thermal actions remains a persistent engineering concern. This paper investigates the mechanisms of load distribution and the origins of failure within aluminum-framed curtain wall systems using finite element modeling (FEM). A detailed model incorporating mullions, transoms, glazing panels, and anchorage connections was developed to simulate realistic loading and boundary conditions. The results reveal that load transfer is predominantly concentrated along vertical mullions, with approximately 70–75 % of wind-induced pressure resisted through axial and bending stresses. Critical stress concentrations were observed at the anchorage interfaces and joint corners, where local yielding and fatigue propagation are likely to initiate failure. Thermal expansion produced differential displacements up to 3 mm, aggravating sealant rupture and glass edge cracking. The findings indicate that nearly 68 % of façade failures originate from connection rigidity and inadequate joint detailing rather than from material deficiencies. Design improvements—such as flexible anchorage brackets, elastomeric isolation pads, and optimized moment of inertia of mullions demonstrated stress reduction up to 34 % in comparative analyses. This study provides a framework for improving façade reliability, informing both code development and the next generation of resilient curtain wall designs for tall-building applications