International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

Bacterial cellulose (BC), a naturally derived biopolymer synthesized by certain bacteria, has emerged as a material of immense scientific and industrial interest due to its unique structural and functional properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the modification strategies applied to bacterial cellulose and their impact on the material's morphological characteristics and application potential. The discussion encompasses various forms of modified cellulose, including micro fibrillated cellulose (MFC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), networked cellulose, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), cellulose-carbon nanotube composites, and cellulose-clay composites. Each form is examined in terms of its production techniques, structural attributes, and functional properties, highlighting how these modifications enhance BC's mechanical, electrical, thermal, and barrier performance. Special emphasis is placed on the morphological transformations induced by these modifications and their implications for specific applications, ranging from biomedical engineering and energy storage to environmental remediation and sustainable packaging. Emerging trends, such as the integration of artificial intelligence in material design, bioinspired structures, and sustainable production methods, are also explored, underscoring the transformative potential of bacterial cellulose in addressing contemporary global challenges. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying key research gaps, this review aims to provide a roadmap for future innovations in the field, positioning bacterial cellulose as a cornerstone material for creating sustainable, high-performance, and multifunctional systems