International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

Supply Chain Management (SCM) has grown into a key discipline for coordinating the movement of goods, information, and finances among suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and customers. Over time, it has shifted from being a purely operational function focused on logistics and cost reduction to a strategic, technology-driven, and sustainability-oriented approach. This paper provides a detailed exploration of SCM, examining its fundamental concepts, historical development, current practices, technological applications, real-world examples, challenges, and future research opportunities. Case studies from companies such as Amazon, Toyota, Unilever, and Apple illustrate how modern supply chains integrate efficiency, resilience, and sustainability. The study also highlights emerging areas of research, including artificial intelligence, blockchain, circular economy implementation, resilient network design, and humanitarian logistics. Overall, SCM plays a crucial role in enhancing competitiveness, operational performance, and long-term sustainability in today’s complex business environment.