International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

The transition toward sustainable energy has motivated the design of resilient microgrids that integrate renewable sources, storage and advanced control. This paper presents a comprehensive simulation study of a hybrid alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) microgrid that combines photovoltaic (PV) generation, a wind turbine and a battery energy storage system (BESS). The system is analysed under both grid‑connected and islanded modes, with particular emphasis on modelling the individual components, developing a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller, applying droop‑based control for distributed energy resources and evaluating battery management strategies. A conceptual block diagram is developed to illustrate the power flow between sources, converters and loads, and the PV current–voltage and power–voltage characteristics are derived from first principles. Simulation results demonstrate the ability of the microgrid to maintain bus voltages and supply balanced loads under varying irradiance and demand conditions while managing the state of charge (SOC) of the BESS. The contributions include a novel integration of improved droop control for distributed PV, comparative analysis of AC and DC bus voltages and a thorough discussion of the benefits and challenges of hybrid architectures. The study provides insights into designing microgrid control systems that support high renewable penetration and reliable operation.