International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are rapidly evolving technologies that are transforming the landscape of modern education. By providing immersive and interactive learning environments, AR and VR enable students to engage with complex concepts through simulations, 3D visualizations, and experiential learning, which go beyond the limitations of traditional classroom-based teaching. This review critically examines research and developments in AR and VR applications in education over the past twelve years (2011–2022), highlighting their integration across diverse educational domains, including STEM subjects, medical training, language learning, and vocational skills development. The study identifies key benefits of AR/VR adoption, such as enhanced learner engagement, improved knowledge retention, personalized learning experiences, and the facilitation of remote or distance education, particularly in the post-COVID-19 context. Despite these advantages, the review also emphasizes persistent challenges, including high implementation costs, technological barriers, accessibility issues, and limitations in scalability for widespread adoption. Finally, this review outlines future research directions, focusing on the development of cost-effective AR/VR solutions, increased interoperability with existing educational platforms, and strategies for broader accessibility, aiming to maximize the potential of AR and VR in transforming global educational practices.